Smallholder farmers’ participation in profitable value chains and contract farming: Evidence from irrigated agriculture in Egypt

<p>The participation of smallholder farmers in high-value and profitable value chains as well as contract farming remains low in Africa. This paper aims to identify observable and unobservable constraints that explain joint participation in profitable value chains and contract farming. We use a multivariate probit model to estimate potential complementarities between the cultivation of these various value chains (vegetables, fruits, pices, herbs, and cereals), and participation in contract farming.</p>